References

Screening Tools

Alcohol, Smoking & Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. AOD Screening and Withdrawal Tools Collection. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    WHO Group. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction, 2002. 97(9): 1183-1194.
3.    Newcombe, D., Humeniuk, R., and Ali, R. Validation of the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): report of results from the Australian site. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2005. 24(3): 217-226. doi:10.1080/09595230500170266.
4.    Christoff, A.O., Barreto, H.G.A., and Boerngen-Lacerda, R. Development of a Computer-Based Format for the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) With University Students. Substance Use and Misuse, 2016. 51(9): 1207-1217.
5.    Goodyear-Smith, F., Corter, A., and Suh, H. Electronic screening for lifestyle issues and mental health in youth: a community-based participatory research approach. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2016. 16(1). doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0379-z.
6.    Gryczynski, J., Kelly, S.M., Mitchell, S.G., et al. Validation and performance of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) among adolescent primary care patients. Addiction, 2015. 110: 240-247.
7.    Harris, S.K., Knight, J.R., Van Hook, S., et al. Adolescent substance use screening in primary care: validity of computer self-administered versus clinician-administered screening Substance Abuse, 2016. 37(1): 197-203.
8.    Draper, B., Ridley, N., Johnco, C., et al. Screening for alcohol and substance use for older people in geriatric hospital and community health settings. International Psychogeriatrics, 2015. 27(1): 155-166.
9.    Cusack, L., Kelly, J., Groenkjaer, M., Wilkinson, C., and Harland, J. Acceptability and suitability of alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test for older people in the community. Contemporary Nurse, 2019: 1-9.
10.    Newcombe, D., Tanielu-Stowers, H., McDermott, R., Stephen, J., and Nosa, V. The validation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) amongst pacific people in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 2016. 45(1): 30-39.
11.    Calabria, B., Shakeshaft, A.P., Clifford, A., et al. Reducing drug and alcohol use and improving well‐being for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians using the Community Reinforcement Approach: a feasibility and acceptability study. International Journal of Psychology, 2020. 55: 88-95.
12.    Hotham, E., Ali, R., White, J., Sullivan, T., and Robinson, J. Investigation of the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (the ASSIST) Version 3.0 in pregnancy. Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment, 2013. 12: 123-135.
13.    Coleman-Cowger, V.H., Oga, E.A., Peters, E.N., et al. Accuracy of three screening tools for prenatal substance use. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2019. 133: 952-961.
14.    Holmwood, C., Marriott, M., and Humeniuk, R. Substance use patterns in newly admitted male and female South Australian prisoners using the WHO-ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). International Journal of Prison Health, 2008. 4: 198-207.
15.    Wolff, N. and Shi, J. Screening for substance use disorder among incarcerated men with the Alcohol, Smoking, Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): a comparative analysis of computer-administered and interviewer-administered modalities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015. 53: 22-32. 
16.    Darker, C.D., Sweeney, B., Keenan, E., et al. Screening and brief interventions for illicit drug use and alcohol use in methadone maintained opiate-dependent patients: results of a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial feasibility study. 51, 2016. 9: 1104-1115.
17.    Bearnot, B., Fine, D.R., Rigotti, N.A., and Baggett, T.P. Access to treatment for drug use disorders at US health centers: a national study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2019. 34(12): 2723-2725.
18.    Humeniuk, R., Henry-Edwards, S., Ali, R., Poznyak, V., and Monteiro, M.G., The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): manual for use in primary care. 2010, Geneva: World Health Organization.
19.    Gil, R., Sohler, N.L., Brisbane, M., Llanos, G.O., and Cunningham, C.O. Screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for opioid abuse in an urban hospitalized population: a pilot study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2011. 26(S198-S199).
20.    Mdege, N.D. and Lang, J. Screening instruments for detecting illicit drug use/abuse that could be useful in general hospital wards: a systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 2011. 36(12): 1111-1119.
21.    Patston, L.L., Travers, K.A., and Newcombe, D.A. The acceptability and feasibility of screening for alcohol and drug misuse in a hospital emergency department. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 2017. 16: 111-120. 
22.    Broderick, K.B., Richmond, M.K., Fagan, J., and Long, A.W. Pilot validation of a brief screen tool for substance use detection in emergency care. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2015. 49: 369-374.
23.    Hides, L., Cotton, S.M., Berger, G., et al. The reliability and validity of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in first-episode psychosis. Addictive Behaviors, 2009. 34(10): 821-825.
24.    Heslop, K. and Ross, C. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test in an acute mental health setting. Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2014. 11(5): 583-600.
25.    Leos-Toro, C., Rynard, V., and Hammond, D. Prevalence of problematic cannabis use in Canada: cross-sectional findings from the 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2017. 108(5-6): e516-e522.
26.    Obadeji, A., Kumolalo, B.F., Bamidele, J.O., and Olasehinde, T.F. Road traffic accidents among commercial motorcyclists: Relationship with substance use and psychosocial factors. Social Health and Behavior, 2020. 3(2). doi:10.4103/SHB.SHB_9_20.
27.    Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S.G., Gonzales, A., et al. A randomized trial of computerized vs. in-person brief intervention for illicit drug use in primary care: outcomes through 12 months. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015. 50: 3-10.
28.    Kumar, P.C., Cleland, C.M., Gourevitch, M.N., et al. Accuracy of the Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ACASI ASSIST) for identifying unhealthy substance use and substance use disorders in primary care patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016. 165: 38-44.
29.    Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T.F., et al. Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST). Addiction, 2008. 103(6): 1039-1047. 
30.    Silva, A.C.d., Lucchese, R., Vargas, L.S., Benício, P.R., and Vera, I. Application of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) instrument: an integrative review. Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem, 2016. 37(1). doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.01.52918. 

 

Alcohol, Smoking & Substance Involvement Screening Test - short form (ASSSIT-Lite)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-Lite) tool: description, strengths and knowledge gaps. AOD Screening and Withdrawal Tools Collection. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Ali, R., Meena, S., Eastwood, B., Richards, I., and Marsden, J. Ultra-rapid screening for substance-use disorders: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-Lite). Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2013. 132(1-2): 352-361.
3.    Gryczynski, J., Kelly, S.M., Mitchell, S.G., et al. Validation and performance of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) among adolescent primary care patients. Addiction, 2015. 110(2): 240-247.
 
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor, T.F., De la Fuente, J.R., and Grant, M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction, 1993. 88(6): 791-804.
3.    Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., and Moneteiro, M.G. AUDIT, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in Primary Care. 2001, World Health Organization.
4.    Moehring, A., Krause, K., Guertler, D., et al. Measurement invariance of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: establishing its factor structure in different settings and across gender. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 2018. 189: 55-61.
5.    Verhoog, S., Dopmeijer, J.M., de Jonge, J.M., et al. The use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption as an indicator of hazardous alcohol use among university students. European Addiction Research, 2020. 26(1): 1-9.
6.    Newton, A.S., Soleimani, A., Kirkland, S.W., and Gokiert, R.J. A systematic review of instruments to identify mental health and substance use problems among children in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2017. 24(5): 552-568.
7.    de Meneses-Gaya, C., Zuardi, A.W., Loureiro, S.R., and Crippa, J.A.S. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): an updated systematic review of psychometric properties. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2009. 2(1): 83-89.
8.    Lundin, A., Hallgren, M., Balliu, N., and Forsell, Y. The use of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in detecting alcohol use disorder and risk drinking in the general population: validation of AUDIT using schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2015. 39(1): 158-165.
9.    Draper, B., Ridley, N., Johnco, C., et al. Screening for alcohol and substance use for older people in geriatric hospital and community health settings. International Psychogeriatrics, 2015. 27(1): 157-166.
10.    Aalto, M., Alho, H., Halme, J.T., and Seppä, K. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its derivatives in screening for heavy drinking among the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2011. 26(9): 881-885.
11.    Nadkarni, A., Garber, A., Costa, S., et al. Auditing the AUDIT: a systematic review of cut-off scores for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in low-and middle-income countries. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 2019. 202: 123-133.
12.    Saunders, J.B. AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Web Page. Instructions, Screen, Citations]. Available from: http://auditscreen.org/.
13.    Bohn, M.J., Babor, T.F., and Kranzler, H.R. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1995. 56(4): 423-432.
14.    Johnson, J.A., Lee, A., Vinson, D., and Seale, J.P. Use of AUDIT‐based measures to identify unhealthy alcohol use and alcohol dependence in primary care: a validation study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013. 37: E253-E259.
15.    Sahker, E., Lancianese, D.A., and Arndt, S. Stability of the alcohol use disorders identification test in practical service settings. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 2017. 8: 1-8.
16.    Monteiro, M.G. and Gomel, M. World Health Organization project on brief interventions for alcohol-related problems in primary health care settings. Journal of Substance Misuse, 1998. 3(1): 5-9.
17.    Barata, I.A., Shandro, J.R., Montgomery, M., et al. Effectiveness of SBIRT for alcohol use disorders in the emergency department: a systematic review. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2017. 18(6): 1143-1152.
18.    Imani, G., Barrios, C., Anderson, C.L., et al. Computerized alcohol screening identified more at-risk drinkers in a level 2 than a level 1 trauma center. BMC Public Health, 2017. 17(1). DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3989-6.
19.    Haroon, S., Wooldridge, D., Hoogewerf, J., et al. Information standards for recording alcohol use in electronic health records: findings from a national consultation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision-Making, 2018. 18(1): 1-11.
20.    Källmén, H., H., T., Wennberg, P., and Berman, A. Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in relation to Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) severity levels according to the brief DSM-5 AUD diagnostic assessment screener. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2019. 73(7): 397-400. DOI: doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1642382.
21.    Haber, P., Lintzeris, N., Proude, E., and Lopatko, O. Guidelines for the Treatment of Alcohol Problems. 2009, Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.
22.    Dawe, S., Loxton, N.J., Hides, L., Kavanagh, D.J., and Mattick, R.P. Review of diagnostic screening instruments for alcohol and other drug use and other psychiatric disorders. 2002, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing: Canberra.
23.    O’Connor, E.A., Perdue, L.A., Senger, C.A., et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2018. 320(18): 1910-1928.
 
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test AUDIT – Consumption (AUDIT-C)
Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Bush, K., Kivlahan, D.R., McDonell, M.B., Fihn, S.D., and Bradley, K.A. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1998. 158(16): 1789-1795.
3.    Verhoog, S., Dopmeijer, J., de Jonge, J., et al. The use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption as an indicator of hazardous alcohol use among university students. European Addiction Research, 2020. 26(1): 1-9.
4.    Bradley, K.A., DeBenedetti, A.F., Volk, R.J., et al. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2007. 31(7): 1208-1217.
5.    Fujii, H., Nishimoto, N., Yamaguchi, S., et al. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for Consumption (AUDIT-C) is more useful than pre-existing laboratory tests for predicting hazardous drinking: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2016. 16(1).
6.    Campbell, C.E. and Maisto, S.A. Validity of the AUDIT-C screen for at-risk drinking among students utilizing university primary care. Journal of American College Health, 2018. 66(8): 774-782.
7.    Liskola, J., Haravuori, H., Lindberg, N., et al. AUDIT and AUDIT-C as screening instruments for alcohol problem use in adolescents. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 2018. 188: 266-273.
8.    Calabria, B., Shakeshaft, A.P., Clifford, A., et al. Reducing drug and alcohol use and improving well‐being for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians using the Community Reinforcement Approach: a feasibility and acceptability study. International Journal of Psychology, 2020. 55: 88-95.
9.    Islam, M., Oni, H., Lee, K., et al. Standardised alcohol screening in primary health care services targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 2018. 13(1): 1-11.
10.    Lee, K.K., Conigrave, J.H., Wilson, S., et al. Short screening tools for risky drinking in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: modified AUDIT-C and a new approach. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 2019. 14(1): 1-12.
11.    Vitesnikova, J., Dinh, M., Leonard, E., Boufous, S., and Conigrave, K. Use of AUDIT-C as a tool to identify hazardous alcohol consumption in admitted trauma patients. Injury, 2014. 45(9): 1440-1444.
12.    Dreher-Weber, M., Laireiter, A.R., Kühberger, A., et al. Screening for hazardous drinking in nursing home residents: evaluating the validity of the current cutoffs of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test—consumption questions by using ethyl glucuronide in hair. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2017. 41(9): 1593-1601.
13.    Aalto, M., Alho, H., Halme, J.T., and Seppä, K. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its derivatives in screening for heavy drinking among the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2011. 26(9): 881-885.
14.    Bright, S.J. and Williams, C.M. Evaluation of Australia’s first older adult-specific early intervention for reducing alcohol-related harm. Australian Health Review, 2018. 42(6): 676-679.
15.    Watterson, J., Gabbe, B., Dietze, P., Bowring, A., and Rosenfeld, J.V. Comparing short versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a military cohort. BMJ Military Health, 2019. 165(5): 312-316.
16.    Wardell, J.D., Cunningham, J.A., Quilty, L.C., Carter, S., and Hendershot, C.S. Can the AUDIT consumption items distinguish lower severity from high severity patients seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2020. 114: 108001.
17.    Neumann, T., Linnen, H., Kip, M., et al. Does the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption identify the same patient population as the full 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2012. 43(1): 80-85.
18.    Rumpf, H., Hapke, U., Meyer, C., and John, U. Screening for alcohol use disorders and at-risk drinking in the general population: psychometric performance of three questionnaires. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2002. 37(3): 261-268.
19.    Wade, D., Varker, T., Forbes, D., and O'Donnell, M. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐Consumption (AUDIT‐C) in the assessment of alcohol use disorders among acute injury patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2014. 38(1): 294-299.
20.    Aalto, M., Alho, H., Halme, J.T., and Seppä, K. AUDIT and its abbreviated versions in detecting heavy and binge drinking in a general population survey. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 2009. 103(1-2): 25-29.
21.    Khadjesari, Z., White, I.R., McCambridge, J., et al. Validation of the AUDIT-C in adults seeking help with their drinking online. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 2017. 12(1). DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s13722-016-0066-5.
22.    O’Connor, E.A., Perdue, L.A., Senger, C.A., et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2018. 320(18): 1910-1928.
23.    Towers, A., Szabó, Á., Newcombe, D., et al. Hazardous drinking prevalence and correlates in older New Zealanders: A comparison of the AUDIT-C and the CARET. Journal of Aging and Health, 2019. 31(10): 1770-1789.
24.    Higgins-Biddle, J.C. and Babor, T.F. A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: past issues and future directions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018. 44(6): 578-586.


Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener (CAGE)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty and Eye-opener (CAGE): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Ewing, J.A. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. JAMA, 1984. 252(14): 1905-1907.
3.    Taylor, P., El-Sabawai, T., and Cangin, C. Improving alcohol screening for college students: screening for alcohol misuse amongst college students with a simple modication to the CAGE questionnaire. Journal of American College Health, 2016. 64(5): 397-403.
4.    Aertgeerts, B., Buntinx, F., and Kester, A. The value of the CAGE in screening for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in general clinical populations: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2004. 57(1): 30-39.
5.    Dhalla, S. and Kopec, J.A. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 2007. 30(1): 33-41.
6.    Lycke, M., Martens, E., Ketelaars, L., et al. Detection of alcohol abuse in older patients with cancer: the integration of alcohol screening questionnaires in the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, 2019. 10: 819-823.
7.    Abdin, E., Sagayadevan, V., Vaingankar, J., et al. A non-parametric item response theory evaluation of the CAGE instrument among older adults. Substance Use and Misuse, 2018. 53(3): 391-399.
8.    Teitelbaum, L.M. and Carey, K.B. Temporal stability of alcohol screening measures in a psychiatric setting. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2000. 14(4): 401-404.
9.    Fiellin, D.A., Reid, M.C., and O'Connor, P.G. Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000. 160(13): 1977-1989.
10.    Barry, K.L. and Fleming, M.F. Computerised administration of alcoholism screening tests in a primary care setting. Journal of American Board of Primary Practice, 1990. 3: 93-8.
11.    Hodgson, R.J., John, B., Abbasi, T., et al. Fast screening for alcohol misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 2003. 28(8): 1453-1463.
12.    Bush, B., Shaw, S., Cleary, D., and Aronson, M. Screening for alcohol abuse using the CAGE questionnaire. American Journal of Medicine, 1987. 82: 231-235.
13.    Beresford, T.P., Blow, F.C., Hill, E., Singer, L., and Lucey, M. Comparison of CAGE questionnaire and computer-assisted laboratory profiles in screening for covert alcoholism. Lancet, 1990. 336: 482-485.
14.    Haber, P., Lintzeris, N., Proude, E., and Lopatko, O. Guidelines for the Treatment of Alcohol Problems. 2009, Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.
15.    Bisson, J., Nadeau, L., and Demers, A. The validity of the CAGE scale to screen for heavy drinking and drinking problems in a general population survey. Addiction, 1999. 94(5): 715-722.

 

Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST-10)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Drug Abuse Screening Test 10 (DAST-10): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Skinner, H.A. The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addictive Behaviors, 1982. 7(4): 363-371.
3.    Giguère, C.É., Potvin, S., and Consortium, S. The Drug Abuse Screening Test preserves its excellent psychometric properties in psychiatric patients evaluated in an emergency setting. Addictive Behaviors, 2017. 64: 165-170.
4.    Yudko, E., Lozhkina, O., and Fouts, A. A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2007. 32(2): 189-198.
5.    Mdege, N.D. and Lang, J. Screening instruments for detecting illicit drug use/abuse that could be useful in general hospital wards: a systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 2011. 36(12): 1111-1119.
6.    Maisto, S.A., Carey, M.P., Carey, K.B., Gordon, C.M., and Gleason, J.R. Use of the AUDIT and the DAST-10 to identify alcohol and drug use disorders among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness. Psychological Assessment, 2000. 12: 186-192.
7.    Skinner, H.A., Guide for using the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). 1982, Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
 
Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Hildebrand, M. The psychometric properties of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT): a review of recent research. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015. 53: 52-59.
3.    Voluse, A.C., Gioia, C.J., Sobell, L.C., et al. Psychometric properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) with substance abusers in outpatient and residential treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 2012. 37(1): 36-41.
4.    Matuszka, B., Bácskai, E., Berman, A.H., et al. Psychometric characteristics of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT) and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test-Extended (DUDIT-E) among young drug users in Hungary. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2014. 21(3): 547-555.
5.    Bergman, A.H., Bergman, H., Palmstierna, T., and Schlyter, F., DUDIT: The Drug Use Disorders Identification Test: manual. 2003, Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institute.
6.    Mdege, N.D. and Lang, J. Screening instruments for detecting illicit drug use/abuse that could be useful in general hospital wards: a systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 2011. 36(12): 1111-1119.

 

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., and Fagerstrom, K. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 1991. 86(9): 1119-1127. DOI: doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.
3.    DiFranza, J.R., Wellman, R.J., Savageau, J.A., et al. What aspect of dependence does the fagerström test for nicotine dependence measure? ISRN Addiction, 2012. 2013. DOI: doi.org/10.1155/2013/906276.
4.    Payne, T.J., Smith, P.O., McCracken, L.M., McSherry, W.C., and Antony, M.M. Assessing nicotine dependence: a comparison of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in a clinical sample. Addictive behaviors, 1994. 19(3): 307-317.
5.    Fagerstrom, K.O. and Schneider, N.G. Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1989. 12(2): 159-182.
6.    Lombardo, T.W., Hughes, J.R., and Fross, J.D. Failure to support the validity of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine. Addictive Behaviors, 1988. 13(1): 87-90.
7.    Fagerström, K.O. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 1978. 3(3-4): 235-241.
8.    Chan, G., Leung, J., Gartner, C., et al. Correlates of electronic cigarette use in the general population and among smokers in Australia–Findings from a nationally representative survey. Addictive Behaviors, 2019. 95: 6-10.
9.    Ebbert, J.O., Patten, C., and Schroeder, D. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence-smokeless tobacco (FTND-ST). Addictive Behaviors, 2006. 31(9): 1716-1721.
 
Indigenous Risk Impact Screen (IRIS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. An overview of the Indigenous Risk Impact Screen (IRIS): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Ober, C., Dingle, K., Clavarino, A., Najman, J.M., et al. Validating a screening tool for mental health and substance use risk in an Indigenous prison population. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2013. 32(6): 611-617.
3.    Schlesinger, C., Ober, C., McCarthy, M., et al. The development and validation of the Indigenous Risk Impact Screen (IRIS): a 13-item screening instrument for alcohol and drug and mental health risk. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2007. 26(2): 109-117.
4.    Lovett, R., Dance, P., Guthrie, J., Brown, R., and Tongs, J. Wallan Girri: developing a culturally mediated case management model for problematic alcohol use among urban Indigenous people. Austrailan Health Review, 2014. 38: 440-446.
5.    Newton, D., Day, A., Gillies, C., and Fernandez, E. A review of evidence-based evaluation of measures for assessing social and emotional well-being in Indigenous Australians. Australian Psychologist, 2015. 50(1): 40-50.
 

Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS):  description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Gossop, M., Darke, S., Griffiths, P., et al. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction, 1995. 90(5): 607-614.
3.    De Las Cuevas, C., Sanz, E.J., Padilla, J., and Berenguer, J.C. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) as screening test for benzodiazepine dependence: SDS validation study. Addiction, 2000. 95(2): 245-250.
4.    Swift, W., Copeland, J., and Hall, W. Choosing a diagnostic cut-off for cannabis dependence. Addiction, 1998. 93(11): 1681-1692.
5.    Cheng, S., Siddiqui, T., Gossop, M., Kristoffersen, E., and Lundqvist, C. The Severity of Dependence Scale detects medication misuse and dependence among hospitalised older patients. BMC Geriatrics, 2019. 19. doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1182-3.
6.    Martin, G., Copeland, J., Gates, P., and Gilmour, S. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) in an adolescent population of cannabis users: reliability, validity and diagnostic cut-off. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2006. 83(1): 90-93.
7.    Kaye, S. and Darke, S. Determining a diagnostic cut-off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cocaine dependence. Addiction, 2002. 97(6): 727-731.
8.    Lawrinson, P., Copeland, J., Gerber, S., and Gilmour, S. Determining a cut-off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for alcohol dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 2007. 32(7): 1474-1479.
9.    Lerma, J.J. Estimation of cutoff for the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for opiate dependence by ROC analysis. Actas Esp Psiquiatr, 2010. 38(5): 270-277.
10.    Topp, L. and Mattick, R.P. Choosing a cut-off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for amphetamine users. Addiction, 1997. 92(7): 839-845.
11.    Bruno, R., Matthews, A.J., Topp, L., et al. Can the Severity of Dependence Scale be usefully applied to ‘ecstasy’? Neuropsychobiology, 2009. 60(3-4): 137-147.
12.    Grande, R.B., Aaseth, K., Benth, J.Š., et al. The Severity of Dependence Scale detects people with medication overuse: the Akershus study of chronic headache. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 2009. 80(7): 784-789.
13.    Dawe, S., Loxton, N.J., Hides, L., Kavanagh, D.J., and Mattick, R.P. Review of diagnostic screening instruments for alcohol and other drug use and other psychiatric disorders. 2002, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing: Canberra.
14.    Rogers, A.H., Shepherd, J.M., Paulus, D.J., et al. The interaction of alcohol use and cannabis use problems in relation to opioid misuse among adults with chronic pain. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2019. 26(5): 569-575.
15.    Kristoffersen, E.S., Benth, J.Š., Straand, J., Russell, M.B., and Lundqvist, C. Validity of self-reported assessment of Severity of Dependence Scale in medication-overuse headache. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 2019. 19(4): 837-841.
16.    Lundqvist, C., Gossop, M., Russell, M.B., Straand, J., and Kristoffersen, E.S. Severity of analgesic dependence and medication-overuse headache. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2019. 13(5): 343-353.
17.    Kim, Y., Dev, R., Reddy, A., et al. Association between tobacco use, symptom expression, and alcohol and illicit drug use in advanced cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016. 51(4): 762-768.
18.    Giusti, R., Verna, L., Porzio, G., and Marchetti, P. Symptom assessment and chemical coping detection: the assessment of the cancer patient's symptoms between consumption, use and abuse. Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 2019. 110(3): 115-117.
 

Withdrawal Tools

Amphetamine Cessation Symptom Assessment (ACSA)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Amphetamine Cessation Symptom Assessment (ACSA): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. AOD Screening and Withdrawal Tools Collection. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Mitchell, A., et al. Psychometric evaluation of the amphetamine cessation symptom assessment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2008. 34(4): 443-449.
3.    Pennay, A.E. and Lee, N.K. Putting the call out for more research: the poor evidence base for treating methamphetamine withdrawal. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2011. 30(2): 216-222.
4.    Grigg, J., Manning, V., Arunogiri, S., et al. Methamphetamine treatment guidelines: practice guidelines for health professionals. 2018, Turning Point: Richmond, Victoria.
 
Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Srisurapanont, M., Jarusuraisin, N., and Jittiwutikan, J. Amphetamine withdrawal: I. reliability, validity and factor structure of a measure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1999. 33(1): 89-93.
3.    Grigg, J., Manning, V., Arunogiri, S., et al. Methamphetamine treatment guidelines: practice guidelines for health professionals. 2018, Turning Point: Richmond, Victoria.
 
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Scale (CIWA-B)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Scale – Benzodiazepine (CIWA-B): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Busto, U.E., Sykora, K., and Sellers, E.M. A clinical scale to assess benzodiazepine withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1989. 9(6): 412-416.
3.    Mcgregor, C., Machin, A., and White, J.M. In-patient benzodiazepine withdrawal: comparison of fixed and symptom-triggered taper methods. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2003. 22(2): 175-180.
4.    Tyrer, P., Murphy, S., and Riley, P. The benzodiazepine withdrawal symptom questionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1990. 19(1): 53-61.
 
Revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Scale for Alcohol (CIWA-AR)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Scale – Alcohol (CIWA-Ar): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Eloma, A.S., Tucciarone, J.M., Hayes, E.M., and Bronson, B.D. Evaluation of the appropriate use of a CIWA-Ar alcohol withdrawal protocol in the general hospital setting. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018. 44(4): 418-425.
3.    Bakhla, A.K., Khess, C.R., Verma, V., et al. Factor structure of CIWA-Ar in alcohol withdrawal. Journal of Addiction, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/745839.
4.    Higgins, J., Bugajski, A.A., Church, D., et al. A psychometric analysis of CIWA-Ar in acutely ill and injured hospitalized patients. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 2019. 26(1): 41-49.
5.    Sullivan, J.T., Sykora, K., Schneiderman, J., Naranjo, C.A., and Sellers, E.M. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA‐Ar). British Journal of Addiction, 1989. 84(11): 1353-1357.
6.    Williams, K. and Mitchell, M. Inpatient alcohol withdrawal: time to prevent the preventable? Journal of General and Internal Medicine, 2013. 29(1): 7-9.
7.    Knight, E. and Lappalainen, L. Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol–Revised might be an unreliable tool in the management of alcohol withdrawal. Canadian Family Physician, 2017. 63(9): 691-695.
8.    Spiegel, D.R., Kumari, N., and Petri, J.D. Safer use of benzodiazepines for alcohol detoxification. Current Psychiatry, 2012. 11(10): 10-16.
9.    Nuss, M.A., Elnicki, D.M., Dunsworth, T.S., and Makela, E.H. Utilizing CIWA-Ar to assess use of benzodiazepines in patients vulnerable to alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The West Virginia Medical Journal, 2004. 100(1): 21-25.
10.    Chen, C., Thompson, C., and Leveno, M. Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) Protocol: misunderstandings, misuse, and misadventures. Quality Improvement Research in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 2018: A1484-A1484.
 
Cannabis Withdrawal Scale (CWS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Cannabis Withdrawal Scale (CWS): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Allsop, D., Norberg, M., Copeland, J., Fu, S., and Budney, A.J. The Cannabis Withdrawal Scale development: patterns and predictors of cannabis withdrawal and distress. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2011. 119(1-2): 123-129.
 
Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Wesson, D.R. and Ling, W. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2003. 35(2): 253-259.
3.    Barbosa-Leiker, C., McPherson, S., Mamey, M.R., et al. Examining the factor structure of the clinical opiate withdrawal scale: a secondary data analysis from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) 0003. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2015. 152: 218-223.
4.    Canamo, L.J. and Tronco, N.B. Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS): implementation and outcomes. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 2019. 42(3): 222-226.
5.    Tompkins, D.A., Bigelow, G.E., Harrison, J.A., et al. Concurrent validation of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and single-item indices against the Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) opioid withdrawal instrument. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2009. 105(1-2): 154-159.
6.    Moore, D.J. A quick guide to the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy, 2020. 18(3): 6-9.
7.    Nuamah, J.K., Sasangohar, F., Erraguntla, M., and Mehta, R.K. The past, present and future of opioid withdrawal assessment: a scoping review of scales and technologies. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 2019. 19(1): 1-11.
8.    Huhn, A., Tompkins, D., Campbell, C., and Dunn, K.E. Individuals with chronic pain who misuse prescription opioids report sex-based differences in pain and opioid withdrawal. Pain Medicine, 2019. 20(10): 1942-1947.
 
Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (OOWS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Handelsman, L., Cochrane, K., Aronson, M., et al. Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1987. 13(3): 293-308.
3.    Huhn, A., Tompkins, D., Campbell, C., and Dunn, K.E. Individuals with chronic pain who misuse prescription opioids report sex-based differences in pain and opioid withdrawal. Pain Medicine, 2019. 20(10): 1942-1947.
 
Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)
1.    Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS): description, strengths and knowledge gaps. 2021, National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University: Adelaide, South Australia.
2.    Handelsman, L., Cochrane, K., Aronson, M., et al. Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1987. 13(3): 293-308.
3.    Huhn, A., Tompkins, D., Campbell, C., and Dunn, K.E. Individuals with chronic pain who misuse prescription opioids report sex-based differences in pain and opioid withdrawal. Pain Medicine, 2019. 20(10): 1942-1947.